Main Difference – Rationalism vs Empiricism
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the theory of knowledge. It studies the nature of knowledge, the rationality of belief, and justification. Rationalism and empiricism are two schools of thought in epistemology. Both these schools of thought are concerned with the source of knowledge and justification. The main difference between rationalism and empiricism is that rationalism considers reason as the source of knowledge whereas empiricism considers experience as the source of knowledge.
This article covers,
1. What is Rationalism? – Definition and Characteristics
2. What is Empiricism? – Definition and Characteristics
3. Difference Between Rationalism and Empiricism 
What is Empiricism
Empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience. This theory emphasizes the role of the five senses in obtaining knowledge. Empiricism rejects innate concepts or inborn knowledge. John Locke, one of the most famous empiricist stated that mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) when we enter the world. According to this theory, it is only later, through the acquisition of experience that we gain knowledge and information.
However, if knowledge comes only through experience, it is impossible for us to talk about something that we have not experienced. This claim questions the validity of religious and ethical concepts; since these concepts cannot be observed or experienced, they were considered to be meaningless. Nevertheless, moderate empiricists accept that there are some phenomenon that cannot be explained through senses.
John Lock was an eminent empiricist.
What is Rationalism
Rationalism is a theory that states knowledge comes through reason, i.e., reason is the source of knowledge and justification. There are three basic claims in rationalism and rationalists must adopt at least one of these three claims. These claims are known as the intuition/deduction thesis, the innate knowledge thesis, or the innate concept thesis.
Innate knowledge – Rationalists argue that we are not born with minds like blind slates, but we have some innate knowledge. That is, even before we experience the world we know some things.
Intuition/deduction – Rationalists can also argue that there are some truths that can be worked out independent of experience of the world, though not known innately. Examples of such truths include logic, mathematics, or ethical truths.
Innate concept – Some philosophers argue that innate knowledge and innate concept are the same whereas some other philosophers are of the view that they are different. Innate concept these people claim as that some concepts are a part of our rational nature and are not based on our experience. The way two children view the same object as ugly and beautiful can be an example of innate concepts.
Although these two theories, rationalism and empiricism, are often contrasted with each other, both reason and experience can be sources of knowledge. Language acquisition can be taken as an example of this. Although experience is needed to perfect a language, a certain amount of, intuition, deduction, and innate knowledge are also required to acquire a language.
Immanuel Kant was a noted rationalist.
Difference Between Rationalism and Empiricism
Definition
Rationalism: Rationalism is a theory based on the claim that reason is the source of knowledge.
Empiricism: Empiricism is a theory based on the claim that experience is the source of knowledge.
Intuition
Rationalism: Rationalists believe in intuition.
Empiricism: Empiricists do not believe in intuition.
At Birth
Rationalism: Rationalists believe that individuals have innate knowledge or concepts.
Empiricism: Empiricists believe that individuals have no innate knowledge.
Examples
Rationalism: Immanuel Kant, Plato, Rene Descartes, and Aristotle are some examples of prominent rationalists.
Empiricism: John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and George Berkeley are some examples of prominent empiricists.
Image Courtesy:
“Immanuel Kant (painted portrait)” By Anonymous – (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia
“JohnLock”By Sir Godfrey Kneller – State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.( Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia
